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Special Issue:
Utilizing Technology in the COVID 19 era
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| Endothelial dysfunction contributes to COVID-19-associated vascular inflammation and coagulopathy |
Jun Zhang1, *( ), Kristen M. Tecson1, Peter A. McCullough1, 2, 3 |
1Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
2Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
3Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, TX 75226, USA |
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Abstract:
Great attention has been paid to endothelial dysfunction (ED) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is growing evidence to suggest that the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2 receptor) is expressed on endothelial cells (ECs) in the lung, heart, kidney, and intestine, particularly in systemic vessels (small and large arteries, veins, venules, and capillaries). Upon viral infection of ECs by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronarvirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ECs become activated and dysfunctional. As a result of endothelial activation and ED, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin -1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-), chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen, vWF activity, and factor VIII are elevated. Higher levels of acute phase reactants (IL-6, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer) are also associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that ED contributes to COVID-19-associated vascular inflammation, particularly endotheliitis, in the lung, heart, and kidney, as well as COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, particularly pulmonary fibrinous microthrombi in the alveolar capillaries. Here we present an update on ED-relevant vasculopathy in COVID-19. Further research for ED in COVID-19 patients is warranted to understand therapeutic opportunities.
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Submitted: 02 July 2020
Revised: 10 August 2020
Accepted: 12 August 2020
Published: 30 September 2020
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| Fund: Baylor Health Care System Foundation |
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*Corresponding Author(s):
Jun Zhang
E-mail: Zhangj37@gmail.com
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2020, Vol. 21 
